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Un extrait de Plato: Theaetetus in IEP that could be useful in Humanisme : "Satisfied with at least the form of this definition, Socrates immediately converts it into Protagoras’ homo-mensura doctrine, 'Man is the measure of all things, of the things that are that [or how] they are, of the things that are not that [or how] they are not.' [...] Socrates asks how, if people are each a measure of their own truth, some, among whom is Protagoras himself, can be wiser than others. The same argument appears in Cratylus 385e–386d as a sufficient refutation of the homo-mensura doctrine."

Un extrait de Lakatos' book The methodology of scientific research programs qui déforme la réfutabilité de Popper qui, très clairement, s'applique aux théories, pas à la méthodologie:

« A new demarcation criterion was needed and Popper proposed a rather stunning one. [...] A theory is 'scientific' if one is prepared to specify in advance a crucial experiment (or observation) which can falsify it, and it is pseudoscientific if one refuses to specify such a 'potential falsifier'. But if so, we do not demarcate scientific theories from pseudoscientific ones, but rather scientific method from non-scientific method. »

Un extrait de Popper's Logic of Scientific Discovery utilisé par Lakatos pour le présenter comme un dogmatique (après avoir dit avant qu'il ne l'était pas):

« In general we regard an inter-subjectively testable falsification as final (provided it is well tested): this is the way in which the asymmetry between verification and falsification of theories makes itself felt. »

Dans cet extrait, Popper observe que l’asymétrie qui existe au niveau logique de la réfutabilité se fait "ressentir" au niveau de la méthodologie. Il ne dit pas qu'on est logiquement justifié de considérer que les réfutations bien testées sont finales. Il se contredirait de manière évidente s'il disait cela. Il ne fait que constater le progrès que le sens commun nous fait voir en science: on ne pourrait pas parler de progrès si les réfutations n'étaient pas finales et qu'on reviendrait régulièrement sur celles-ci. Ce grand fossé entre ce qui est justifiable par un système logique et ce qui est accepté en pratique par le sens commun est une source constante de confusion. On pense que le faillibilisme va à l'encontre du sens commun, mais le faillibilisme respecte le sens commun, comme Popper le fait dans cet extrait. Le faillibilisme ne fait qu'éviter d'essayer de le justifier par un système logique. Le faillibiliste trouve d'autres manières de le justifier, par exemple, par une épistémologie évolutionnaire.

Exemples de l'influence de Lakatos classification Popper0, Popper1 et Popper2 sur comment Popper est compris dans la littérature:

  • (en) Bruce Caldwell, Beyond Positivism, Routledge, (ISBN 9781134838646) Voir section Popper’s Methodological Falsificationism dans le chapitre 4.
  • (en) Artur Koterski, The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective, vol. 2 : Explanation, Prediction, and Confirmation, Springer Science & Business Media, (ISBN 9789400711808), « The Rise and Fall of Falsificationism in the Light of Neurath’s Criticism » Voir l'Introduction

Pensées à propos de réfutabilité mise en contexte

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À propos de la distinction entre la réfutation (logique) et le rejet (méthodologique)

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Nola et Sankey 2014 donne la définition complète de la réfutabilité, y-compris l'exigence matérielle, mais semble considérer le critère logique comme une première étape:

« We take it that the above account of what it means for a statement to be empirical at least sets out some of the logical conditions for such testability. »

Il y a trois niveaux chez Popper: la réfutabilité qui n'a rien à voir avec une observation spécifique, la réfutation qui suppose qu'une contradiction potentielle a été accepté et le rejet qui prend en compte la réfutation, mais aussi d'autres éléments.

Réalisme et idéalisme

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Je ne vais pas couvrir tous les « ismes » de la philosophie dans l'article, mais au moins en PdD, il est bien de comprendre la dualité subjectivisme versus objectivisme dans le contexte de la dualité réalisme versus idéalisme. Cette dernière dualité peut être source de confusion, car le terme « idéalisme » a pris différentes significations en philosophie. Certains auteurs considèrent même qu'il n'y a pas d'opposition entre idéalimse et réalisme. Le terme réalisme semble toujours signifier la philosophie qui dit que la réalité existe indépendamment de tout observateur. Avec cette définition, le réalisme se rapproche beaucoup de l'objectivisme tel que définit par Kant et Popper: la connaissance scientifique est objective, i.e., inter-subjective, pas attaché à un sujet en particulier. La différence est que le réalisme parle de la réalité et non de la connaissance de cette réalité. C'est du côté de l'idéalisme que la situation est plus confuse. Le terme « idéalisme » a différentes significations selon le contexte philosophique. Popper, du moins dans ce que j'ai lu, oppose l'idéalisme au réalisme, mais aussi au faillibilisme et considère que cela peut mener à l'autoritarisme. Voici quelques extraits.

« quanta (like some children) would behave in a more orderly or predictable fashion, if only nobody was looking. This view seems to me absurd; in order to make it more acceptable, the orthodox interpretation is forced into an idealistic or semi-idealistic attitude towards the world-into an attitude which makes it meaningless or semi-meaningless to speak of a reality which is there when nobody is looking. But no such ad hoc philosophical assumption is needed. »

« Science is a system of the products of human ideas - so far idealism is right. But these ideas are likely to fail when tested against reality. This is why realism is right in the end. »

« Theories are our own inventions, our own ideas; they are not forced upon us, but are our self-made instruments of thought: this has been clearly seen by the idealist. But some of these theories of ours can clash with reality; and when they do, we know that there is a reality; that there is something to remind us of the fact that our ideas may be mistaken. And this is why the realist is right. »

« To the view which I have just outlined Kant chose to give the ugly and doubly misleading name "'Transcendental Idealism'". He soon regretted this choice, for it made people believe that he was an idealist in the sense of denying the reality of physical things: that he declared physical things to be mere ideas. Kant hastened to explain that he had only denied that space and time are empirical and real--empirical and real in the sense in which physical things and events are empirical and real. But in vain did he protest. His difficult style sealed his fate: he was to be revered as the father of German Idealism. I suggest that it is time to put this right. Kant always insisted that the physical things in space and time are real. »

« Another philosophic theory is idealism, in Berkeley's or Schopenhauer's formulation; we may express it by the following thesis: 'The empirical world is my idea', or 'The world is my dream'. »

« Once again let me refer to a specific example: the idealism of Berkeley or Hume (which I have replaced by the simplified formula 'The world is my dream'). It is notable that these authors were far from wishing to offer us so extravagant a theory. This may be seen from Berkeley's repeated insistence that his theories were really in agreement with sound common sense. Now if we try to understand the problem situation which induced them to propound this theory, then we find that Berkeley and Hume believed that all our knowledge was reducible to sense-impressions and to associations between memory images. This assumption led these two philosophers to adopt idealism; and in the case of Hume, in particular, very unwillingly. Hume was an idealist only because he failed in his attempt to reduce realism to sense-impressions. »

Cette dernière citation demande réflexion, car peu de philosophes voient Hume comme un idéaliste. Popper voit Hume comme un idéaliste, car il adopte le psychologisme. Le psychologisme, en opposition à l'objectivisme (telle que définit par Popper), distingue entre la connaissance et la réalité connue et situe la connaissance dans le sujet et la réalité connue à l'extérieur du sujet. L'objectivisme de Popper ne nie pas l'existence de croyances, d'idées, etc. dans le sujet, mais considère que la connaissance scientifique est inter-subjective et, dans ce sens, n'est pas dans le sujet. Le plus souvent, l'idéalisme, en opposition avec le psychologisme, situe la réalité elle-même dans le sujet, mais il y a plusieurs notions d'idéalisme. Dans cet extrait, Popper semble identifier l'idéalisme avec le subjectivisme ou le psychologisme. Dans d'autres extraits, il donne la définition usuelle, i.e., l'idéalisme en tant que philosophie qui dit que la réalité est dans le sujet. Par exemples:

« I do not intend to argue here for or against this Kantian epistemology and I do not intend to discuss it in detail. But I want to point out that it certainly is not entirely idealistic. It is, as Kant himself points out, a mixture or a synthesis, of some sort of realism and some sort of idealism--its realist element being the assertion that the world, as it appears to us, is some sort of material formed by our mind, whilst its idealist element is the assertion that it is some sort of material formed by our mind. »

« As I have said, Hegel in his idealism went further than Kant. Hegel, too, was concerned with the epistemological question, ‘How can our minds grasp the world?’ With the other idealists, he answered: ‘Because the world is mind-like.’ But his theory was more radical than Kant’s. He did not say, like Kant, ‘Because the mind digests or forms the world’. He said, ‘Because the mind is the world’; »

« idealistic and even solipsistic interpretations of quantum mechanics have been put forward by some of the great pioneers of quantum mechanics, especially by Heisenberg and by Wigner. "Objective reality has evaporated", wrote Heisenberg [1958]. »

« Thus there will be in this issue, as in so many, no conclusive argument. But there are arguments in favour of realism; or, rather, against idealism. (1) Perhaps the strongest argument consists of a combination of two: (a) that realism is part of common sense, and (b) that all the alleged arguments against it are not only philosophical in the most derogatory sense of this term, but are at the same time based upon an uncritically accepted part of common sense; that is to say, upon that mistaken part of the commonsense theory of knowledge which I have called the ‘bucket theory of the mind’; »

Dans la dernière phrase de l'extrait précédent, Popper de nouveau considère que l'idéalisme est fondé sur le subjectivisme (sa théorie de la chaudière est une théorie subjectiviste). De même, dans l'extrait suivant il associe de nouveau l'idéalisme au subjectivisme.

« I may perhaps add that I regard Churchill’s argument, especially the important passages which I have put in italics, not only as a valid criticism of the idealistic and subjectivistic arguments, but as the philosophically soundest and most ingenious argument against epistemology that I know. »

Le réalisme de Popper par d'autres philosophes

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Bartley III oppose le réalisme de Popper au subjectivisme. Chalmers a une toute autre définition du réalisme qui est assez proche de la définition donnée dans « Realism and Anti-Realism Are Both True (and False) ». Cela confirme la difficulté avec les définitions de réalisme et d'idéalisme. Eric Dietrich mentionne qu'il faut éviter la technique de l'épouvantail lorsqu'on définit le réalisme ou l'idéalisme. La définition de l'idéalisme de Popper « le monde cesse d'exister lorsqu'on est mort » est trop facile à rejeter.

Notes sur langage, problème et ontologie dans le pragmatisme

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« According to Dewey, the word "pragmatic" refers simply to "the rule of referring all thinking, all reflective considerations, to consequences for final meaning and test" (Essays in Experimental Logic, Chicago, 19 16, p. 330). He maintained that language is an instrument that transforms raw experience in accordance with human purposes : the meaning of an idea is "a set of operations" to be performed or the "consequences " of a thing or an event. It should be noted that Dewey named his theory "instrumentalism," in order to distinguish it from the earlier pragmatism. »

— PAUL EDWARDS, American Philosophy dans The Encyclopedia of Philosophy

« In his paper Rorty stressed a minimalist attitude towards truth that he correctly thought we shared. It could be put this way: truth is as clear and basic a concept as we have. Tarski has given us an idea of how to apply the general concept (or try to apply it) to particular languages on the assumption that we already understand it; but of course he didn’t show how to define it in general (he proved, rather, that this couldn’t be done). Any further attempt to explain, define, analyse or explicate the concept will be empty or wrong: correspondence theories, coher- ence theories, pragmatist theories, theories that identify truth with warranted assertability (perhaps under ‘ideal’ or ‘optimum’ conditions), theories that ask truth to explain the success of science or serve as the ultimate outcome of science or the conversations of some elite, all such theories either add nothing to our under- standing of truth or have obvious counter-examples. »

— DONALD DAVIDSON, A coherence theory of truth and knowledge dans Sven Bernecker and Fred Dretske, Knowledge : Readings in Contemporary Epistemology

There are many similarities between Peirce and Popper. Both say knowledge is problem solving oriented. Both make use of a distinction between theory and the practical world of observations, because they find useful to address their respective problem in this manner, Popper to demarcate between science and non-science and Peirce to define his theory of meaning. On this respect, Popper had the advantage that mathematical logic and the concept of metalanguage was unfolding in his time. Both advocate an hypothetico deductive approach. The hypothetico deductive approach is a recognition that the distinction between theory and methodology is useful: the deductive part is entirely at the theory level. It's only in the (unmentioned) test part that the methodological issues arise, but it does not matter, because abduction can work anyway. Both are fallibilists. In other words, they mostly share the same view of science. Peirce did not take the problem of underdetermination as seriously as Popper. In a way, Popper also did not take it seriously either. Unless you are a skeptic, you cannot take it too seriously, but Popper proposed an evolutionary epistemology to address it, to reduce it to a problem of adaptation. Peirce seems to have simply dogmatically claimed that we can always find the theory that answers our question[23]. It's not a big difference. I guess the biggest difference is that Popper formalized the demarcation criterion and was more explicit that the test part plays little role in creating stable belief. It mostly plays the role of destroying false hope.

P. D. Magnus, « Peirce: Underdetermination, Agnosticism, and Related Mistakes », Inquiry, vol. 48, no 1,‎ , p. 26-37 (DOI 10.1080/00201740510015347)

Popper on the role of expectation

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« Observation is always selective. It needs a chosen object, a definite task, an interest, a point of view, a problem. And its description presupposes a descriptive language, with property words; it presupposes similarity and classification, which in its turn presupposes interests, points of view, and problems. … objects can be classified, and can become similar or dissimilar, only in this way – by being related to needs and interests. … a point of view is provided … for the scientist by his theoretical interests, the special problem under investigation, his conjectures and anticipations, and the theories which he accepts as a kind of background: his frame of reference, his ‘horizon of expectations’. »

— Popper est cité par Donald Gillies, The Problem of Induction and Artificial Intelligence

This extract is part of a very confusing book. Oh well... :

« Popper believes that philosophers failed to understand that having new ideas and justification methods are different. Therefore, they have mistakenly argued in favor of induction. »

— Farid Ahmed, Chap. 3 of a « planned book on Science and Justification »

« It is, therefore, mistaken to think that no logical path leads from particular to general, or from evidence to theory, provided that there is the support of an appropriate background assumption. The bootstrap explanation »

— Oseni Taiwo Afisi, Karl Popper’s Critical Rationalism: Corroboration versus Confirmation

« Popper's point of view opens the fascinating prospect of scientific solutions to our philosophical problems. This prospect is not as bleak as many contemporary philosophers might think who believe in a separa- tion of science from philosophy. We need only remember that almost all of our science has been invented to solve old philosophical problems in a way that took them out of philosophy. Nothing could be more in the spirit of Russell's scientific realism than to find in our scientific conception of organisms the explanation of how we can understand the world at all. For the word 'philosophy' stands for something neither above nor below the natural sciences, but for something beside it. »

— J . N. HATTIANGADI, The Realism of Popper and Russell

Induction et Peirce

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« ... Peirce reaches a conclusion that there are two modes of deduction, namely its ‘corollarial’ and ‘theorematic’ variants, the former answering to the traditional idea of deduction, the latter being its more general and dynamic counterpart. Namely, theorematic deduction is also able to suggest new truths, not merely to preserve the truth of its premises, as is the case with the ordinary corollarial variant. Why not then make such use of this distinction as Peirce himself suggests, as he says that this “is a matter of extreme importance for the theory of cognition” (NEM 4:56 [c. 1902])? »

— Erkki Kilpinen, Problems in Applying Peirce in Social Sciences in Ideas in Action: Proceedings of the Applying Peirce Conference

« ... in the massive volumes of papers on logic, even the logic of induction, by Peirce, there is a striking absence of thought on the classic problem of induction. Indeed, as Isaac Levi has pointed out,’ Peirce failed to handle the issue. [...] Peirce never thought abduction or induction to be excessively strong inferences; »

— Jerold J. Abrams, Solution to the Problem of Induction: Peirce, Apel, and Goodman on the Grue Paradox

« An interesting solution has been proposed by Cheryl Misak, i.e., grue is solvable by abduction. Misak writes, “On Peirce’s account, the choice between the ‘green’ and ‘grue’ hypotheses is a matter for abduction, not induction. The inference to ‘all emeralds are green’ is not an induction from the premise ‘all observed emeralds have been green’. Rather, we would, if we were interested enough in the matter, infer ‘all emeralds are green’ as an abduction — as the best explanation of the observed regularity that they have all thus far been green. And then we would test the hypothesis by induction »

— Jerold J. Abrams, Solution to the Problem of Induction: Peirce, Apel, and Goodman on the Grue Paradox

« Harris and Hoover argue, in a similar vein, that Goodman’s new riddle is not so new, and is not so much a problem of induction. Using Peirce’s logical division between induction and abduction, they argue that Peirce actually saw something very much like this “new” riddle Goodman calls “grue”, and thought of it more as a problem for abduction, that is, which hypothesis to select among those competing to explain a startling phenomenon. Then once the hypothesis is chosen, it can be tested and verified into the future. »

— Jerold J. Abrams, Solution to the Problem of Induction: Peirce, Apel, and Goodman on the Grue Paradox

« Peirce distinguished between three main types of inference, which correspond to three stages of inquiry: (i) abduction, a tentative acceptance of an explanatory hypothesis which, if true, would make the phenomenon under investigation intelligible; (ii) deduction, the derivation of testable consequences from the explanatory hypothesis; and (iii) induction, the evaluation of the hypothesis in the light of these consequences. He called this method of inquiry the inductive method; in the contemporary philosophy of science it is usually called the hypothetico-deductive method. »

— Risto Hilpinen, Peirce, Charles S(anders) in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy 2nd ed.

« Peirce and Mach favored Whewell’s account of method over Mill’s empiricist theory of induction. »

— Robert E. Butts, Whewell, William in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy 2nd ed.

« The name “induction,” derived from the Latin translation of Aristotle’s epagoge, will be used here to cover all cases of nondemonstrative argument, in which the truth of the premises, while not entailing the truth of the conclusion, purports to be a good reason for belief in it. Such argu- ments may also be called “ampliative,” as C. S. Peirce called them, because the conclusion may presuppose the existence of individuals whose existence is not presup- posed by the premises. »

— Max Black, Induction in Donald M. Borchet, Encyclopedia of Philosophy

« Peirce cannot be held to have succeeded in his effort to defend the rationality of inductive policies in terms of long-range efficacy in generating conclusions approximately and for the most part true. Since the intended jus- tification of induction depends essentially upon the randomness of the samples used, it must be objected that there is normally no way of guaranteeing in advance the presence of such randomness. (To this objection Peirce had only the lame and unsupported rejoinder that inductive inference retains some probative force even in the absence of the desired randomness.) The following are among the most obvious weaknesses of Peirce’s views about induction. »

— Max Black, Induction in Donald M. Borchet, Encyclopedia of Philosophy

« We are not inferring to a gen- eralization, but to a hypothesis about a structure or process that would ex- plain the data. A variety of terms are used in philosophy for inferences of this kind. C. S. Peirce called these “abductive” inferences as opposed to in- ductive ones. Others have called them “explanatory inductions,” “theoret- ical inductions,” or “theoretical inferences.” More recently, many philoso- phers have used the term “inference to the best explanation” (Harman 1965; Lipton 1991). »

— Peter Godfrey-Smith, an introduction to the philosophy of science: Science and Reality

« This position, that we can never be completely certain about factual issues, is often known as fallibilism (a term due to C. S. Peirce). Most philosophers of science accept fallibilism. The harder question is whether or not we can be reasonable in increasing our confidence in the truth of a theory when it passes observational tests. Popper said no. The logical empiricists and most other philosophers of science say yes.
So Popper had a fairly simple view of how testing in science proceeds. We take a theory that someone has proposed, and we deduce an observa- tional prediction from it. We then check to see if the prediction comes out as the theory says it will. If the prediction fails, then we have refuted, or fal- sified, the theory. If the prediction does come out as predicted, then all we should say is that we have not yet falsified the theory. For Popper, we cannot conclude that the theory is true, or that it is probably true, or even that it is more likely to be true than it was before the test. The theory might be true, but we can’t say more than that.logical empiricists and most other philosophers of sci- ence say yes. [...] »

— Peter Godfrey-Smith, an introduction to the philosophy of science: Science and Reality

« Si la fonction de l’abduction est de permettre au chercheur d’entamer le chemin menant à la fixation de nouvelles connaissances (Peirce parle de croyances-habitudes), les inférences déductives et inductives assument pour leur part les rôles de justification et de vérification. L’induction peircienne (qui évidemment n’est pas équivalente à l’induction classique établie par Hume) consiste à comparer les prédictions déduites de l’hypothèse avec les faits, ce qui aboutit au rejet ou à l’admission provisoire de l’hypothèse et à son évaluation (en déterminant la proportion de prédictions concordant avec les faits). Les deux dernières phases du triptyque sont donc à rapprocher de la démarche poppérienne comme le remarque Christiane Chauviré, spécialiste de l’épistémologie peircienne. »

— Jacques Michel-Bechet, Le critère de démarcation de Karl R. Popper et son applicabilité. (Thèse)

« Peirce energetically denounces any confusion between what is classically described by the term induction (the formation of a theory by generalization from accumulated observations), and what he calls abduction, that is the only procedure which, according to him, leads to the discovery of a hypothesis. [...] Making use of an apparently more radical rationalism than Popper, Peirce hence places logical analysis earlier in the scientific process than Popper, before the tests to which any hypothesis must be put, that is at the very initial stage when the proposition of a hypothesis to test is made.

« The surprising fact C is observed.
But if A were true, C would be a matter of course.
Hence, there is a reason to suspect that A is true. (CP 5.189) »

As we can see this argument, which is a form of abduction, has nothing in common with classical induction. »

— Christiane Chauviré, Peirce, Popper, abduction, and the idea of a Logic of Discovery

« Finally, what seems of importance in this matter is that Peirce and Popper agree on such an essential point as the necessity of establishing a distinction between what Popper calls the a priori acceptability of a hypothesis — before empirical tests — and its a posteriori acceptability, after the tests. [...] Indeed, ac- cording to Peirce the word ‘induction’ refers to the simple confrontation of predictions inferred from a theory with the experimental results (or,more rigorously, with the propositions expressing these results), without containing the idea of the attribution of a truth value or of a degree of probability: Peircian falsificationism in fact forbids this notion of a probabilistic evaluation. But this confrontation procedure corresponds exactly to what Popper calls the ‘deductive method of control.’ With a different of terminology, therefore, Popper and Peirce in fact describe the same procedure. »

— Christiane Chauviré, Peirce, Popper, abduction, and the idea of a Logic of Discovery

« The later Peirce conceives of it rather in methodological terms, as a testing procedure, leaving to abduction alone the honorific title of ‘ampliative' inference. »

— Giovanni Tuzet, « Is Qualitative Induction a Kind of Induction? »

« In FDM I suggested that the term “inference” is preferable to the term “induction”, and can include “inference to the best explanation”. For some unexplained reason David Miller denies repeatedly in his [1994] that we make inferences but this is easily refuted since we are always leaping to conclusions transcending the evidence and if these are not inductive then they must be “inferences”. Popper’s bold conjectures clearly involve leaping from dataset E, which does not entail T, to theory T. If this is not inductive then what else can it be than an inference? »

— Calvin Hayes, Popper, Hayek and the Open Society

« It was Peirce’s conviction that the goal of science is truth, in the absolute sense of that which “does not depend on what you or I or any man thinks” (CP, V.408 [1878]), and also that the method of hypothesis and experiment is such that it will inevitably converge on the truth in the indefinite long run: “It is true that agreement [i.e. with observation] does not show the guess is right; but if it is wrong it must ultimately get found out.” (CP, 1.121 [1896]) It is essential, however, that the virtue of the method consists only in its tendency to produce truth in the long run. In the short run, hypothese selected on the ground of falsifiability, and there is no reason why a hypothesis so selected should be true. Hence, in the short run method must be expected to lead us wrong more often than right. »

— PETER SKAGESTAD, C. S. Peirce on Biological Evolution and Scientific Progress

Résumé de la discussion

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  • La nécessité d'un diagnostique a été soulevé dès le début par Racconish qui de manière générale préfère qu'on travail ensemble sur une proposition en commençant par un diagnostique. L'utilité d'un diagnostique est appuyé autant par ceux qui sont contre le CAr que par les autres. Il est appuyé par Jules*, O.Taris, Baldurar et je m'ajoute. C'est remis en question par Waltercolor en tant qu'opposition à sa proposition de changement. O.Taris et Baldurar disent que la communauté est divisée à propos de cette opposition au changement.
  • La complexité de la dichotomie éditorial/comportemental a été soulevé par Fanchb29. Pour Racconish cette dichotomie fait indûment obstacle à la résolution de nombre de litiges, [...] pov pushing poli et de contributions perturbatrices, [...][24]. Baldurar dit qu'il faut des critères pour évaluer les comportement inadéquats, des règles mieux formulées et un « Pôle médiateur » pour aider lors de conflits à « déclencher un débat concernant une éventuelle modification d'une règle communautaire »[25]. Waltercolor répond à Fanchb29 que l'arbitrage forcé est pour certains cas et la médiation optionnelle pour d'autres cas. Fanchb29 répond L'arbitrage ne fonctionne pas @Waltercolor, en tout cas pas sous sa forme actuelle. Et ne pourra pas fonctionner...
  • Statut/choix des arbitres et médiateurs. Michel421 dit que le seuil de 60% (arbitre et médiateur) est trop bas. Jules* dit que la constitution de binômes (arbitre) est trop bureaucratique, demande pourquoi limiter le nombre de membres (arbitre et médiateur) et s'inquiète qu'instaurer un statut de médiateur rigide et bureaucratique risque de réduire le nombre de bonnes volontés. Waltercolor répond qu'au contraire un statut plus clair pour un nombre limité de médiateur/arbitre sera plus attractif. À propos du seuil, elle réplique qu'un seuil élevé diminuera la diversité des élus. Baldurar est d'accord et ajoute qu'un appuie par 10 contributeurs expérimentés devrait suffire pour être élu. Racconish rappelle dans ce contexte que les parties choisissent les médiateurs et Waltercolor confirme.
  • Importance de la discussion. Dans le contexte de la médiation optionnelle, Baldurar dit que le refus d'une médiation (et donc de la discussion) est un signe de comportement problématique. Fanchb29 réplique qu'un refus de discuter est acceptable dans certains cas et Baldurar est d'accord que c'est mauvais signe que dans les autres cas (je simplifie beaucoup ici). Fanchb29 mentionne qu'une procédure forcant à discuter entre les protagonistes devrait pouvoir exister, et poussant vers la possibilité de compromis.
  • Support global à la proposition. Plusieurs ont remercié Waltercolor pour sa proposition. Baldurar, Jules* y trouve des points positifs, moi aussi. La critique la plus fréquente est le manque de diagnostique. Fanchb29 ne croit pas en (une instance dédiée à) l'arbitrage.

Références

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  • Robert Nola et Howard Sankey, Theories of Scientific Method: an Introduction, Routledge, (ISBN 9781317493488)
  1. Sloman et Lagnado 2005.
  2. Kail 2005, Treatise Book I, Part I: « ... similar doctrines were widespread in the early modern period, and Hume expects his audience to be familiar with them. We can find associationism although not always under that name in Hobbes, Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke and many others. Such mental habits were seen by many philosophers as inevitable and often useful. But they were thought to be second class and due to our animal nature and, very importantly, explicitly contrasted with reason. »
  3. Une analogie que je donne serait d'essayer d'expliquer la chimie en termes des champs quantiques. On accepte que les lois de la chimie émergent des lois des champs quantiques, mais en pratique le niveau de la chimie a ses propre lois. De la même manière, Popper admet que le niveau de la connaissance objective émerge du niveau mental, mais il n'essaie pas d'expliquer le lien.
  4. Putnam 1974.
  5. Hookway 2008, Inquiry Pragmatism and Truth.
  6. Floridi 1989.
  7. Hörz 1989.
  8. Stokes 2016, p. 322.
  9. Johnson-Laird 2006, Chap. 13.
  10. Stokes 2016, Sec.2.3.1, 2.3.2.
  11. Hilpinen 1999.
  12. Gustavsson 2021, Note 16 in sec. 7.
  13. Musgrave 1974, Sec. 4.
  14. Pour Peirce, l'induction servait autant à corroborer ou confirmer la loi qu'à la réfuter. Pour lui, l'induction est simplement la phase où on confronte avec des observations les prédictions obtenues dans la phase déductive.
  15. Citation de Kant par Popper reprise dans Boyer 2017, Sec. La testabilité intersubjective
  16. a et b Boyer 2017, Sec. La testabilité intersubjective.
  17. Bartley III 1982.
  18. Bartley III 1976.
  19. Gattei 2010, Sec. 1.
  20. Popper 1991, Les deux visages du sens commun (2).
  21. Popper 1991, Les deux visages du sens commun (4).
  22. Gattei 2010, Sec. 3.
  23. Magnus 2005.
  24. Ce n'est pas, à première vue, le point de Fanchb29.
  25. Cela n'a rien à voir avec le « pôle de médiation » de Waltercolor.