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Schindlerjuden

Les Schindlerjuden (« les Juifs de Schindler ») sont un groupe d'environ 1 200 Juifs sauvés par Oskar Schindler pendant la Shoah. Ils ont survécu au régime nazi en grande partie grâce à l'intervention de Schindler, qui les a fait protéger en tant que travailleurs de l'industrie dans son usine d'émaillage à Cracovie et, après 1944, dans une usine d'armement en Tchécoslovaquie occupée. Dans ces installations, les Schindlerjuden ont évité d'être envoyés dans les camps de la mort et ont survécu à la guerre. Schindler a dépensé sa fortune personnelle pour les sauver.

L'usine d'Oskar Schindler à Brněnec en République tchèque, été 2004.

L'histoire des Schindlerjuden est racontée dans l'ouvrage La Liste de Schindler de Thomas Keneally et dans l'adaption cinématographique qu'en a fait Steven Spielberg. Poldek Pfefferberg, qui fait partie des survivants, a persuadé Thomas Keneally d'écrire le livre et Steven Spielberg de produire le film.

En 2012, les descendants des Schindlerjuden représentent environ 8 500 personnes qui vivent aux États-Unis, en Israël et dans d'autres pays[1].

La liste

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La liste originelle des Schindlerjuden transférés vers l'usine de Schindler à Brünnlitz, dans la région des Sudètes, est dressée par Mietek Pemper, Itzhak Stern et Oskar Schindler en septembre et octobre 1944[2],[3],[4]. Vraisemblablement, cette liste n'existe plus.

Une autre liste de 1 000 noms, compilée par Pemper à l'arrivée des prisonniers dans l'usine de Brünnlitz le 21 octobre 1944, est présentée par Schindler aux archives Arolsen en 1958[5].

Deux listes de 1 098 prisonniers, dressées par l'administration du camp de Brünnlitz le 18 avril 1945, ont subsisté et elles sont conservées au mémorial Yad Vashem, où Oskar et Émilie Schindler ont le titre de « Justes parmi les nations »[6],[7]. La première liste comprend 297 prisonnières et la seconde 801 prisonniers. Il existe plusieurs copies de la liste qui figurent dans des musées ou chez des personnes privées, principalement les familles d'anciens Schindlerjuden.

Schindlerjuden célèbres

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Références

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  1. ↑ (en) Larry Smith, « Survivor of the Holocaust tells how Schindler saved her life » [archive du ], sur Tribune 242, (consulté le )
  2. ↑ « Mietek Pemper » [archive du ], The Telegraph, (consulté le )
  3. ↑ « Oskar Schindler's collaborator, Mietek Pemper, has died », sur Agence France-Presse, Montreal Gazette, (consulté le ) (lien brisé : octobre 2012)
  4. ↑ Douglas Martin, « Mietek Pemper, 91, Camp Inmate Who Compiled Schindler's List » [archive du ], sur New York Times, (consulté le )
  5. ↑ Sample Documents from the ITS Archives « https://web.archive.org/web/20110721233447/http://www.its-arolsen.org/en/help_and_faq/sample_documents/index.html »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , International Tracing Service
  6. ↑ (en) « Oskar and Emilie Schindler | www.yadvashem.org » [archive du ], sur www.yadvashem.org (consulté le )
  7. ↑ « Schindler's entire List » [archive du ], sur www.oskarschindler.com (consulté le )

Annexes

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Historiographie

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  • Terry Barber, Oskar Schindler, Edmonton, Grass Roots Press, coll. « Acts of Courage », (ISBN 9781894593854, OCLC 226302705)
  • Joseph Bau, Dear God, have you ever gone hungry?, New York, Arcade Publishing, (ISBN 1559704314, OCLC 38909925, lire en ligne) - A memoir by Schindler survivor Joseph Bau about his experiences during the Holocaust, being rescued by Schindler, and the impact of these experiences after the war.
  • Mark Biederman, Schindler's Listed: The Search for My Father's Lost Gold, Boston, (ISBN 9781644690086, OCLC 1066191883)
  • Schindler: The Real Story () - The documentary which provided much of the research for the Spielberg film.
  • Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors, New York, N.Y., Plume, (ISBN 0525939415, OCLC 31132329) - A compilation of interviews with many of those saved by Schindler. Includes reports of their experiences in the concentration camps and with Schindler, and their stories of life after the war. Includes over one hundred personal photographs.
  • Anne Byers, Oskar Schindler: Saving Jews From The Holocaust, Berkeley Heights, NJ, Enslow Publishing, coll. « Holocaust Heroes and Nazi Criminals », (ISBN 0766025349, OCLC 56198745) - Biography of Schindler, with emphasis on his rescue activities during the war. Part of the "Holocaust Heroes and Nazi Criminals" series for young adult readers. Includes glossary and index.
  • David M. Crowe, Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List, Cambridge, Mass., Westview Press, (ISBN 081333375X, OCLC 55679121, lire en ligne) - A comprehensive, academic account of Schindler's early life, business career, rescue attempts, and postwar experiences in Germany and Argentina. Based on numerous personal interviews and archival sources, including Schindler's personal papers discovered in 1997. Includes extensive bibliography and index.
  • Oskar Schindler and His List: The Man, the Book, the Film, the Holocaust and Its Survivors, Forest Dale, Vermont, (ISBN 0839764723, OCLC 32346222, lire en ligne) - A collection of essays, articles, and interviews which illuminate Schindler and the international effect of his story. Includes a reprint of an article written about Schindler in 1949 and sections about Thomas Keneally's book Schindler's List, Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of the story, and issues and implications of the Holocaust.
  • Eva Fogelman, Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust, New York, Anchor Books, (ISBN 0385420277, OCLC 28799011, lire en ligne) - Relates stories about Schindler and his efforts to save Jews in the context of other rescue efforts and courageous acts during the Holocaust. Examines the motivation of Schindler and other rescuers, including personal, psychological, and historical factors.
  • Carl Freedman, Oskar Schindler Saved My Life, Xlibris, (ISBN 9781441517180, OCLC 537640840)
  • (cs) Jitka Gruntová, Legendy a fakta o Oskaru Schindlerovi, Praha, Česká republika, Naše vojsko, (ISBN 8020606076, OCLC 51191068) - Comprehensive account of Schindler's life, creation of the famous list and the daily reality of the life in the Brünnlitz factory. Based on interviews, books and archival sources.
  • Laura Hillman, i will plant you a lilac tree : a memoir of a Schindler's list survivor, New York, Atheneum Books for Young Readers, (ISBN 0689869800, OCLC 55138767, lire en ligne) - The story of a Schindler's List survivor, her family, and her relationship with fellow inmate Dick Hillman in various concentration and labor camps during the Holocaust.
  • Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark, New York, Simon and Schuster, (ISBN 067144977X, OCLC 8627158) - A fictional recreation of the story of Oskar Schindler, an industrialist who saved 1,100 Jews from death by employing them in his factory in Kraków. Drawn from authentic records, the testimony of many of those saved by Schindler, and the author's extensive research. Published under the title Schindler's List in the United States.
  • Thomas Keneally, Searching for Schindler: A memoir, New York, (ISBN 9780385526173, OCLC 191922795) - A memoir by the author of Schindler's Ark about the process of writing the novel, and the movie based on the novel that followed. Includes the stories of Schindler survivors, especially focusing on Leopold "Poldek" Pfefferberg.
  • Leon Leyson, The Boy on the Wooden Box: How the Impossible Became Possible... on Schindler's List, New York, New York, Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, (ISBN 9781442497825, OCLC 870564255) - A memoir by one of the youngest Schindler survivors, who had to stand on a wooden box to operate factory machinery. Intended for young readers.
  • Milton Meltzer, Rescue: The Story of How Gentiles Saved Jews in the Holocaust, New York, Harper & Row, , 55–67 (ISBN 0060242094, OCLC 16980718, lire en ligne  ), « Schindler's Jews » - A brief, personal account of Schindler's life and heroism. Written for young adults.
  • Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl From Schindler's List, Kraków, DjaF, (ISBN 8386774479, OCLC 316442557) - A autobiography by a young Schindler survivor and her family, from Kraków to Brünnlitz.
  • Anna Rosner Blay, Sister, Sister, Sydney, Hale & Iremonger, (ISBN 0868066478, OCLC 38830235) - A biography about two Schindlerjuden sisters.
  • Robin O'Neil, Oskar Schindler: Stepping Stone to Life: A Reconstruction of the Schindler Story, League City, Texas, Susaneking.com, (ISBN 9780984594313, OCLC 841094409) - A biography focusing on Oskar Schindler's rescue activity during the Holocaust, based on published and unpublished materials and eyewitness interviews conducted on and off by the author since 1987.
  • Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler's List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, (ISBN 9781559724456, lire en ligne) - A behind the scenes look at the making of Schindler's List, including historical accounts of Schindlerjuden.
  • Javier Gómez Pérez, Oskar Schindler's Jews: The 1,098 Jews Saved by Schindler, (ISBN 9781500629939, OCLC 969411593)
  • Mieczysław Pemper, The Road to Rescue: The Untold Story of Schindler's List, New York, Other Press, (ISBN 9781590514948, OCLC 707968457) - A Schindler survivor's personal account of his activities during the Holocaust, including his forced employment by Amon Göth, including the assistance he provided to Schindler in his rescue operations, and his testifying against Göth in his war crime trial after the end of the war.
  • Andrew Rawson, Schindler's Krakow: The City Under The Nazis, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, Pen and Sword Military, (ISBN 9781473827974, OCLC 927963107)
  • Anna Revell, Oskar Schindler: The True Story of Schindler's List, (ISBN 9781549563065, OCLC 1091624045)
  • Jack L. Roberts, Oskar Schindler, San Diego, Lucent Books, coll. « The Importance Of », (ISBN 1560060794, OCLC 32242305, lire en ligne) - Interweaves the biography of Oskar Schindler with the larger events of the Holocaust, including the rise of anti-Semitism and the implementation of the "Final Solution." Briefly discusses Schindler's life after the war. Includes photographs. Written for young adults.
  • Jeremy Roberts, Oskar Schindler: Righteous Gentile, New York, Rosen Publ. Group, coll. « Holocaust Biographies (Nonfiction) », (ISBN 0823933105, OCLC 43993458)
  • Émilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, (ISBN 9780393336177) - An autobiography by Oskar Schindler's wife, written with the help of Erika Rosenberg. Tells her story from childhood to after the war. Presents a detailed, behind-the-scenes account of the list's development and the steps taken to save Jews. Includes numerous photos and two maps.
  • Mark Seliger, When They Came to Take My Father: Voices of the Holocaust, Arcade Pub, (ISBN 9781611455021, OCLC 793726774) - Includes a section on Schindlerjude Sol Urbeck.
  • Aubrey J. Sher, Leopold And Oskar: Page - No. 173 Of Schindler's List, (ISBN 9781438974187)
  • Eric Silver, The Book of the Just: The Unsung Heroes Who Rescued Jews from Hitler, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, , 147–152 (ISBN 0802113478, OCLC 25632453), « The Few Who Disobeyed » - Uses personal testimony and historical documents to construct a more personal picture of Schindler and to describe the great lengths he took to save Jews by employing them in his factory and bargaining for their lives.
  • Aleksander B. Skotnicki, Oskar Schindler in the Eyes of Cracovian Jews Rescued by Him, Kraków, Wydawn. AA, (ISBN 9788389368997, OCLC 228073965) - Examines Schindler's legacy through testimony gathered from the Polish Jews saved by his efforts. Contains articles discussing Schindler, the list, and Płaszów concentration camp and the enamelware factory. A short list of films, press reports, and books is also presented, along with numerous photos from a variety of sources.
  • Steven Spielberg (USC Shoah Foundation), Testimony: The Legacy of Schindler's List and the USC Shoah Foundation, New York, NY, (ISBN 9780062285188, OCLC 874131335)
  • (de) Dieter Trautwein, Oskar Schindler, -- immer neue Geschichten: Begegnungen mit dem Retter von mehr als 1200 Juden,
  • Bruce Thompson, Oskar Schindler, San Diego, Greenhaven Press, coll. « People Who Made History », (ISBN 0737708948, OCLC 47844895, lire en ligne)
  • John F. Wukovits, Oskar Schindler, San Diego, Lucent Books, coll. « Heroes & Villains », (ISBN 156006952X, OCLC 49029597, lire en ligne)
  • Abraham Zuckerman, A Voice in the Chorus: Memories of a Teenager Saved by Schindler, Stamford, CT, Longmeadow Press, (ISBN 0681007850, OCLC 30158776) - A survivor's personal narrative describing his life in Kraków before the war, his imprisonment in concentration camps, and his rescue by Oskar Schindler. Also tells of his life after the war. Includes personal photographs. Previously published as A Voice in the Chorus: Life as a Teenager in the Holocaust.

Liens externes

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